Individual Assignment Owners

When the organization issues the inventory to its traders, it gets certain financial commitment as their uncial commitment, and this is known as the paid-in-capital. This type of economic commitment is not produced from the functions of the organization but it is the unwanted over the par equity of the inventory which the traders are willing to pay for the inventory they get from the company. Thus it is the amount compensated in on the financial commitment inventory by the inventory owners to the organization.It therefore symbolizes the Investors investment strategies, while the gained financial commitment Is the financial commitment which Is gathered from the earnings of the organization. Hence It Is very essential for the organization to divided these two types of economic commitment to ensure the traders about the functions of the organization and Its success. It is the undistributed earnings which continues to be with the company (Skies, Wastage, & Warfield, 2007).Paid-in or Earn ed Capital An investors decision to spend money on any company/firm relies on the ability of the company to produce ongoing earnings circulation and success, the policy about the results and the growth plans of the company. The gained financial commitment is produced from the functions of the organization and it is used to pay up the benefits with regards to both cash and inventory. It also shows the success of the organization gaining further financial commitment on the part of the traders.While the paid-in financial commitment Is only the unwanted over the par equity which continues to be set not causing the benefits due to the traders. Hence the gained financial commitment Is more essential to the trader than the paid-in-capital (Scott, 2003). Basic or Watered down Income per Share Earnings per discuss of the typical inventory are known as Primary earnings. They are owners by heavy average variety of stocks which are excellent at enough time (Skies, Wastage, & Warfield, 2007).Dil uted earnings per discuss are reports displaying the variety of stocks staying the discuss, should get, recommended inventory and sports convertible ties are worked out. The diluted earnings per discuss take the standard earnings higher by one step. The variety of stocks could improve at any example cause of the convertibility of some or all the investment strategies, decreasing the business's earnings which the individual discuss is eligible. This increases the rate between the cost and the earnings making the inventory appear more expensive.It is a typical practice that the organizations problem sports convertible recommended stocks, sports convertible ties or should get and the owners of these equipment enjoy the right of convertibility of their recommended inventory or ties into stocks of the typical inventory at a set cost and they can purchase the inventory at a mentioned cost. The diluted PEPS are gained by the benefiting organizations only while the organizations which have failures, review only basic PEPS, as the dilutes investment strategies would only review an improve on the gloomy that is the net failures revealed would improve.The equity of diluted PEPS is always reduced than basic equity and is more appropriate in financial commitment choices, since it indicates somewhat of a worst-case situation. An trader would certainly choose the diluted earnings to the standard earnings, as the former symbolizes the performance assortment, which is used for the statistic of the quality of the business's earnings per discuss (PEPS).

Closing the Gap Between Science and Ethics Essay

The rapid development of nanotechnologies has already become the distinctive feature of the postmodern technological reality. Societies live in the atmosphere of the rapid technological advancement, and new technological achievements and small revolutions are no longer a surprise. Nanotechnologies have a potential to become the source of revolutionary waves in contemporary society. The effects of such revolutions, however, will depend on how well the existing scientific, political, economic, and social institutions can mediate the society-nanotechnology relationships and whether they can promote public acceptability and positive expectations regarding nanotechnology. The current state of science is characterised by the growing gap between nanotechnologies and ethics. Equity, privacy, security, and environmental aspects remain the issues of the major scientific concern. Today, professionals in nanotechnology need to reconsider the basic standards of their scientific performance and develop effective cooperation frameworks, which will help societies meet their ethical needs and will speed up the integration of nanomaterials with all spheres of human development and growth. In his article, Douglas Parr asserts that nanotechnologies are likely to produce a revolutionary wave of innovations in society. That nanotechnologies are breaking the ice of scientific illiteracy in the postmodern society cannot be denied. To a large extent, nanotechnologies mark the beginning of a new stage in the society’s movement toward scientific and human perfection. Recent advancements in nanotechnology confirm the need for the scientific community to develop effective cooperation ties with the rest of non-scientific population, and there are several reasons for that. First and foremost, research and advancement in nanotechnologies have resulted in the major advances in material science, microscopy, and better understanding of the borderline between quantum and classical physics, which produce significant effects on society. Second, nanotechnologies will lead to a major revolution and produce serious scientific and social shifts in society. Third, the most developed countries readily integrate nanotechnologies with their innovation systems and consider nanotechnologies as the basic driver of wealth creation. Fourth, numerous nanotechnology applications will be introduced into the market. In this atmosphere, society must familiarise itself with the recent advances in nanotechnology. Moreover, society must realise that nanotechnologies can be equally good and bad. As a result, the question is in how to obtain the good of nanotechnologies without the bad and whether it is possible at all. Unfortunately, the current state of nanotechnologies makes it difficult for scientists and society to distinguish the good effects of the nanotechnological revolution from its negative implications. The problem is not only in that â€Å"debates about nanotechnology from governments have been dominated by the simple metric of the amount of money being put into nanotechnology for international competitiveness reasons. † The problem is in that a large gap between ethics and nanotechnologies exists and influences negatively the development of the postmodern science. The number of scientific publications on nanotechnologies rapidly increases, but the number of publications that discuss ethical and social implications of nanotechnologies is at least scarce. The funds available for ethical research in nanotechnology are not being used. The lack of effective dialogue between granting bodies, research institutes and the public may turn nanotechnologies into the source of devastating effects on society. More often than not, research institutes and public bodies do not realise that nanotechnology is associated with a whole range of ethical issues. These issues cover equity, security and privacy, ethical implications, and even metaphysical questions. One of the first questions is who will benefit from nanotechnologies and how these benefits are to be distributed among society members. Nanotechnologies have a potential to reduce and resolve the most difficult social controversies, including poverty and animal species extinction; however, this is possible only in case the products of scientific evolution are managed properly. Security and privacy are also among the issues of serious scientific concern. Nanotechnologies will contribute to the development of radically new weapons and surveillance systems; and people must decide how it will protect individual privacy against the presence of near invisible surveillance mechanisms. The effects of nanotechnologies on the environment are yet to be discovered. The incorporation of artificial materials into human systems requires profound ethical and social analysis. To ensure that nanotechnologies work for the benefit of the whole society, a close dialogue must exist between research institutions and the public. Such dialogue will allow prioritising the most important areas of technological research. Such dialogue will also let scientists justify the choice of the most important research areas against direct determinations of societal and public aspirations in these areas. Social and ethical implications of NT research are easy to address through appropriate funding, the development of large-scale interdisciplinary research platforms, intersectional approach, the involvement of developing countries in NT research, as well as the continuous engagement of the public in all major aspects of NT evolution. These changes will reduce the negative potential of nanotechnologies and will turn them into a successful instrument of meeting the most sophisticated society needs. Conclusion The rapid development of nanotechnologies has already become the distinctive feature of the postmodern reality. Unfortunately, the current state of nanotechnological research is characterised by the growing gap between science and ethics. Society lacks resources needed to familiarise itself with the bad and good sides of nanotechnologies and to reduce their negative potential. Today, scientists must engage in a close dialogue with the public and actively engage the public into NT evolution and research. Appropriate funding, interdisciplinary research platforms and intersectional analysis will help to reduce the existing gap between nanotechnologies and their ethical implications. BIBLIOGRAPHY MNYUSIWALLA, A. , DAAR, A. S. & SINGER, P. ‘Mind the gap’: Science and ethics in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology, 14: 2003: R9-R13. PARR, D. Will nanotechnology make the world a better place? Trends in Biotechnology, 23(8): Aug. 2008: 395-398.

Project Management Organizational Structures Paper

A project organization is a structure that facilitates the coordination and implementation of project activities. Its main incentive is to create an environment that encourages interactions among the project personnel with a minimum amount of distractions, overlaps and conflicts. At the start of every project, it is important to first select the organization structure. On the basis of unique characteristics of the project, each project structure various forms its own advantages and disadvantages. The main goal of an organizational structure is to reduce confusion and uncertainty that is almost certain to occur in a project’s early stages. The structure defines the relationships among members of the project management and the relationships it has with its stakeholders. It does this by using an organizational chart. There are three organizational structures that will be the focus of this paper and they are functional structure, matrix structure and pure project structure. There are many project considerations that need to be taken into account when choosing a project management structure. The size of the project is one of the main concerns since it is an all encompassing topic that needs to be addressed early on in the timeline. Next is strategic importance. Who or what stands to gain from the success of this project? There is also the need for innovation and technology. Projects are sometimes meant to break boundaries and existing resources might not be able to cut it. The project manager needs to see if the required technologies will be developing along side the project to ensure it’s on time completion. Also, there is the need for integration, which is if multiple departments need to be involved. Sometimes departments run on different schedules and uniting them together means some very tricky scheduling. Having this schedule written up and agreed upon by all departments can make this much easier to accomplish. There is also environmental complexity, which is the number of external interfaces that could possibly affect the project during the course of its construction. Things like the weather, the government or people are some examples of things that need to be analyzed carefully to ensure they do not cause any significant delays. Lastly, and certainly the most important, is budget and time constraints and the stability of those resources. A project cannot go beyond just a blueprint of an idea without the time and money eeded to make it take shape. Sometimes a company needs to prepare for years in order to raise the required resources to even begin a project. It would not be hard imagine the forethought that goes into this. Also, finding the available time to dedicate to the project is a difficult task itself. How can a company allot time to a project without it hampering its everyday tasks? What good is a project if the resources going into cripple the company it is for? It is a delicate balance to maintain which cannot be decided on a whim. Once all of these concerns have been thought through, a management structure can finally be decided on. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, which makes choosing the structures a fairly complicated task. Let us go through each of them to see what they are capable of allowing managers to do. The functional structure allows employees within the functional divisions of a company to perform a set of specialized tasks. Each department is staffed with the appropriate employees. Engineers stay in the engineering department and human resources stay in HR. It is a very clear cut method to keep the right people in the right place doing the job they are suited to do. The one downside to this structure is that there is very little communication between the different divisions. If there is an urgent change that needs to be done, it is very likely that all the divisions would be able to react at the same time. A functional structure is best suited for a producer of standardized goods and services in large volumes at low costs. Every department knows what it needs to do and how to do it. Let the divisions work on their specific tasks is basically the motto of this structure. The next structure to discuss is the matrix structure. In a matrix structure, employees are grouped based on function and product. The employees are selected based on strengths and weaknesses so that the entire group can cover for each other and form an effective team with all its bases covered. Individuals are chosen according to the needs to of the project and the project managers of each group are directly responsible for completing the project within the agreed upon deadline and budget. There are downsides however. Since every group has its own project manager, there can sometimes be a conflict between them over the allocation of resources. One group might need more money or time to finish their tasks, but that would leave the other groups with less to work with. Also, the independence granted to each of the groups can make it difficult to monitor them all if the need arises. Lastly, costs can increase exponentially if each group has more and more managers and sub managers. The last structure is pure project which gives the project manager total control over the project they oversee. Simply put, a pure project organization might also be termed a task force. In the case of a pure project, the leader of this task force would have to be given total authority for a limited period to solve a particular problem. The pure project structure offers powerful advantages of clear project authority, access to special expertise, project focus and priority. This also simplifies project communications since all messages and concerns are taken directly to the leader for them to look over and decide upon. The disadvantages, on the other hand, include a duplication of effort, intercompany rivalries, uncertain reintegration of resources and unclear motivations and loyalties. If a project has an all powerful leader, the project essentially becomes their project. It can potentially steer the project on a course that the rest of the staff does not agree with. This is another source of significant delays and can change what the project is about and affect its chances of success. All of these structures have their own strengths and weaknesses, which have to be adapted to the projects they support. A simply error in selecting the wrong one can spell disaster for a project before it even has a chance to start. A manager should look at every aspect of a project, both in the current time and in the near future; to decide which structure will give it the best chance to accomplish its objectives. After all, the structure is made to help the project along, not drag it down.

General Journal Entries, Ledger Accounts, Trial Balance, Income Assignment

General Journal Entries, Ledger Accounts, Trial Balance, Income Statement, Statement of Owners Equity and Balance Sheet (Case of Amal Translation) - Assignment Example In simple definition, General journal is a statement where double entry bookkeeping are posted by debiting an accouting followed by a corresponding crediting of another accounting using the same amount (Carl, James and Jonathan, 2008). Both debited and credited amount should be equal to maintain the accounting equation. Based on the available accounting information system, an organization may use specialized journal alongside the generalized journal entries in order to have an effective record keeping system. In this case, the application of a general journal entries can be limited to adjustments, as well as, in non routine entries. Below is a computed General Journal Entrues for various transaction of the Amal Translation.... 00          Translation Fee Earned    24,000 14-Sep Rental Expense    2100          Account Payable    2100 16-Sep Cash    48,000          Unearned Fees    48,000 20-Sep Wage Expense    4800          Cash    4800 25-Sep Cash    60,000          Account Receivable    60,000 27-Sep Account Payable    7,900          Cash    79,000 28-Sep Repairs Expense    250          Cash    250 29-Sep Amal's Drawing    4960          Cash    4960 29-Sep Note Payable    20,000          Cash    20,000 30-Sep Wage Expense    4800          Cash    4800 30-Sep Advertising Expense    6600          Cash    6600 2.0 Opening Ledger Accounts Leger Accounts Ledger account is the second entry point of business transaction into the company’s accounting system. Accounting information contained in the ledger account relates to daily transactions of the business. It collects all credits and debts that rel ates to the account head within a single space. In this respect, credit and debit entries are two naturally opposing actions. In real practice, the amount use in the transaction off sets against one another. Whatever remain is the balance or the difference after the set off. This difference is referred to as ledger account balance. Ledger balancing is the process of calculating the balances of ledger accounts. Irrespective of the number of credit or debit ledger accounts available, the balance is calculated by setting off total debits of the company against the total credits. The differece between the two sums gives the ledger account balance. When setting off, the assumption made is that greater sum is set off from the smaller sum. The following equations summarizes the interpretation of ledger account balance. (Total debit- Total Credit): Applicable in case debit amount is greater. (Total credit-

Hip-hop in Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hip-hop in Colombia - Essay Example What began as a music practice common among the economically underprivileged groups like the Latinos and the African-Americans transcended into an art form, without national boundaries in a very short time. Hip-hop in Columbia is not only viewed as a simple music form but as a media to express powerful feelings by the youth. The hip-hop music has international reach and the Columbian artists are using it efficiently to underline their plight to the world community through rapping. Hip-Hop appeared in Columbia by late 1980s shortly after the art form had established itself as a distinguished sub-culture in the US. Los Generales R&R, an Afro-Columbian group is reported to be one of the first groups to entertain Columbian music lovers already mesmerized by MC Hammer and NWA. Los Generales broke up shortly after releasing their first CD. But, they were followed by groups like Gotas de Rap and La Etina in the early 1990s paving way for steady growth of Columbian hip-hop. Both the groups were known for expressing their social concerns through their lyrics, and adapting a very independent style which served as an inspiration for the development of later Columbian hip-hop style. Their experimentation was followed by Asilo 38 band which released famous albums like La Hoguera and La Descarga, by experimenting with new controversial sound. This gave way to Puerto Rican Reggaeton style music in Columbia for a short period. Hip-Hop revived its former glory again from 2006 through the contribution of groups like ChocQuibTown. Though there are several famous hip-groups, this paper will explore about five famous groups, Ghettos Clan, Flaco Flow y Melanina, Choc Quib Town, Carbono and Voodo SoulJhas. Hip-Hop in Columbia is not just a regurgitation of US subculture. Columbian hip-hop has distinct African sounds, usage of local anecdotes, and several autochthonous music forms. Folklore based lyrics mixed with ethnic

Medicaid Block Grants Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medicaid Block Grants - Term Paper Example On average, Washington pays 57 percent of the costs. Wealthy states get at least 50 percent of Medicaid costs covered by the feds; poor states get as much as 85 percent (Vestal, n.p.). In return, states must meet minimum standards for benefits and eligibility. For example, states are required to provide Medicaid services to low-income children, pregnant women, some adults with dependent children, people with disabilities and frail elders. Benefits must cover doctor’s visits, hospital stays, emergency room services, diagnostic and outpatient services and long-term care (Vestal, n.p.). Governors have long lobbied for a freer hand on Medicaid, which they say would result in a cheaper, more effective program. Lately, Republican governors have more aggressively pursued the block-grant idea, partly because they’re worried about the cost of adding millions more people to the program beginning in 2014. The federal government will pick up the whole tab for new enrollees for the first three years, tapering down to 90 percent in 2020 and beyond. Governors also are alarmed at Medicaid’s growth rate, which the CBO estimates at 7 percent annually over the next decade. The program, some state officials say, is crowding out other needs, such as education (Carey & Serafini, n.p.). The different types of Medicaid Block Grants are: Block Grants and Welfare Reform.  Federal block grants consolidate various aid programs into a payment to each state based on a formula set by law. This eliminates the ability of federal agencies to allocate grant funds to favored applicants, establish program priorities and set requirements. Block grants give the states increased flexibility to experiment, improve programs and allocate funds to their priorities. Welfare reform is an example of a successful block grant program.  In 1996, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children entitlement program was replaced with the

How are learning and teaching related Then, Elaborate on the business Essay

How are learning and teaching related Then, Elaborate on the business roles in the learning organization - Essay Example In general, learning can be acquired with the use of either formal or informal intervention. A good example of formal learning intervention includes the act of enrolling in formal educational courses, the provision of training and development programs, requiring employees to participate in formal business meetings, or attending conference being led by external professionals (Bull et al., 2008). On top of using self-reflection techniques and self-analysis methods, informal learning is possible when there is a two-way communication among employees, between the top management and the low ranking employees, and vice versa including situations wherein employees are able to communicate directly with the customers (Cheetham & Chivers, 2001). In order to minimize barriers to teaching and learning, business managers should establish a strong organizational culture that acknowledges not only the importance of organizational learning but also the use of effective leadership style and improvemen ts in communication skills. In line with this, the use of leadership style enables the business managers to effectively convince and persuade employees to participate in the promotion of organizational learning. References Bull, G., Thompson, A., Searson, M., Garofalo, J., Park, J., Young, C., et al. (2008).

Starbucks strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Starbucks strategy - Essay Example Finally or fourth, the business strategy must define the broad terms that will put the business on a secured foothold in its area of business. Each distinct business endeavour must have its own business strategy so that if a business covers several business areas then it must have several business strategies (MacMillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 171). Although there is a tendency for a business strategy to be lengthy, a business strategy document must be short enough so that the document can be read and understood in one sitting (MacMillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 17). The content of business strategy can cover strategic intent, the principal findings of a strategic assessment, the strategic choices that have been made and the supporting rationale, a statement of goals and objectives, and an outline of the strategic initiatives (Macmillan and Tampoe 2000, p. 17). There are several business strategy formulation frameworks that businesses use in their business practice as well as employ in articul ating their business strategy. Based on the preponderance in the literature, it seems that two of the most popular ones are Michael Porter’s Five Forces Strategy Formulation System and the Blue Ocean Strategy Formulation System of W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne. Both approaches have a sizeable following and appear to be a contrast of strategy formulation framework for business. ... 1). Kim and Mauborgne (2005, p. 106) describes the blue ocean strategy as the strategy that seeks a market where there are no competitors known as â€Å"blue oceans†. According to Kim and Mauborgne (2005, p. 106), a blue ocean strategy implies being uncontested in the market, irrelevance of competition, creation and capture of new demand, value for money, and aligning firm attention towards a focus on differentiation and lower costs. The Kim and Mauborgne perspective utilize the analogy of a blue ocean that is calm and without competition that can make the blue ocean very bloody or red. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis and Kim and Mauborgne’s blue ocean strategy do not exhaust the possible variations of available business strategy formulation frameworks but the two business strategy formulation frameworks probably state the spectrum on which the various business strategy formulation frameworks can be found. II. Starbucks through time and today We trace the history o f growth of Starbucks Corporation based on its postings through its official website at www.starbucks.com and official reports that the corporation gave to government agencies. Starbucks Corporation started from a single narrow-front store selling coffee beans in Seattle’s Pike Place Market (Starbucks Corporation 2010a). The corporate name originated from the Moby Dick novel and was intended to evoke the romance of the high seas and the early coffee traders (Starbucks Corporation 2010a). The current Starbucks Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer had walked into a Starbucks store in 1981, fell in love with Starbucks coffee, and joined the company a year after. However, in 1983, Howard Schultz travelled to Italy, was exposed to Italian coffee bars, and has been described

Pegasus CEO Sets the Tone Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pegasus CEO Sets the Tone - Case Study Example Indeed, barring serious acts of omission and commission, activities and behavior that does not adversely impact stakeholders’ interests are ethically correct and morally right. In the current case, using agents is right because the China’s culture vastly differs with that of the developed nations. Hence, while corruption may not be a big thing there, Oswald’s perception represent Western outlook. He must understand that subverting legal clause slightly on the wider interests of its stakeholders is need of the hour. Wireless technology of Pegasus would benefit millions of its customers in China while ensuring good financial returns for itself. Oswald should take the services of agents who have better understanding of China’s legal constraints and bureaucratic process to establish their presence in China. Indeed, by using agents, he would neither be compromising his or company’s ethical parameters nor directly getting involved in an unlawful activity. Hence, he should go ahead in his expansion plan to China. U.S standards of ethical behavior can only be applied and complied in other countries if it adversely impacts its international clients or organizations. The department of Justice, the American legal department or Sarbanes Oxley Act of good corporate governance all work within the broader parameters of national interests or are constrained by geographical entities of national sovereignty across the world. Thus, when businesses expand their interests across geographical boundaries, they must comply with the legal and administrative framework of the host country. In this case, credibility of Pegasus is not comprised because of any ethical, legal or administrative faux pas. CEO, Oswald of Pegasus is just following the norms as set by its precedent businesses which have used agents who are better equipped to deal with the authorities in

Introduction to Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Introduction to Psychology - Essay Example Neurons have three structural classifications which are Dendrites, Cell body, and the Axon. The bushy Dendrite fibers are shaggy subdivisions of a neuron that receive information and conduct it towards the cell body. From there the axon fibers forward the information to other neurons or to muscles or glands. The axon has terminal fibers at its end and the message passes through these fibers from one neuron to next. After the information reaches the axon, it then moves down in the form of an electrical signal which is called action potential. Unlike the short dendrites, axons are sometimes very long projecting several feet throughout the body. When the electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, the information is then transmitted across the synaptic gap to the dendrites of the neighboring neuron. Synapse or synaptic gap is the gap between axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite and cell body of receiving neuron. Sometimes, the electrical signal can bridge the gap between the neurons instantaneously and continue along its path. Otherwise, neurotransmitters send the information from one neuron to the next. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that navigate the synaptic space between neurons. As the sending neuron releases the neurotransmitter, it then travels through the synapse and moves on to the receptor sites on the receiving neurons and thus it influences the neuron to produce a neural impulse. Each neuron in the Each neuron in the brain is itself a tiny gadget that has intricate functions. From hundred and thousands of other neurons, it receives signals on its dendrites and cell body. Some of these signals are excitatory, somewhat like pushing a neuron's accelerator. Other signals are inhibitory, more like pushing its break. A particular level of stimulation called the threshold is needed to activate a neural impulse. If the excitatory signals outvote the inhibitory signals and they are more than a minimum intensity, the collective signals give rise to an action potential. The action potential transmits down the axon, which branches into junctions with thousands of other neurons and with the body's muscles and glands. The release of neurotransmitters is activated when the action potential reaches the terminal branches of the axon. The neurotransmitter molecules take less than a second to cross the synaptic gap and attaching to receptor sited of receiving neurons. The neurotransmitter releases minute channels at the receiving site in an instant, allowing the electrically charged atoms to enter the receiving neuron and thus exciting or inhibiting its speediness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are absorbed by the sending neuron in a procedure known as reuptake. Neurons have three structural and functional classifications. On a structural basis the neurons are classified as Multipolar neurons, Bipolar neurons and Unipolar neurons. Multipolar neurons have one axon and several dendrites. Brain and spinal cord neurons are generally multipolar neurons. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite. These neurons are mostly found the retina of the eye, the olfactory area and the inner ear. Neurons with just one process extending from the cell body are known as unipolar neurons. In that one process, one part acts as an axon and other part functions as a dendrite. On functional basis neurons are classified as Sensory, Motor, and inter Neurons. Sensory Neurons also called the efferent neurons takes impulses from the sense receptors in the skin, the sense organs and the large

Alaska Milk Essay Example for Free

Alaska Milk Essay My name is Joselito T. Santos Jr. and Im a senior at San Beda College, majoring in legal management. As a graduating student of the said college an important school paper requirement for one of my subject which is Strategic Management should be accomplished to graduate. Im writing to express my interest in making a Strategic Management paper for your prestagious company which is the Alaska Milk Company Philippines. Documents such company documents, financial documents and marketing documents will be needed for the progress of my paper. I will assure that all of your documents will be taken care of and only be used as reference for the progess of my paper. Im hoping you will help me and in return I will provide your company a great Strategic Management Plan for the development of your company. Thank you. Sincerely, Joselito T. Santos Jr. ALASKA MILK CORPORATION OUR VISION Is to be a leading consumer foods company with a diversified portfolio of consumer food brands and products that are market leaders in their respective categories. OUR MISSION PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. We will continue to build on the strengths and competitive attributes of the ALASKA brand and develop its full marketing potential. We will develop new products and identify market opportunities, mindful of our task to be responsive to the ever changing and growing needs of our consumers. CUSTOMER SERVICE Customer relationship is an integral part of building the Alaska business. We aim to provide our partners in trade the best and most efficient service, making use of leading edge technology to ensure timely product availability and accessibility. We strive to know and understand our customers fully to bridge the gap between what they need and what we can give. QUALITY Ultimately, the consumer whom we serve and their level of satisfaction with our products become our final judge and jury. We are committed to deliver high quality milk and other consumer food products from production to consumption. We will respond to the call to deliver higher quality nutrition to every Filipino home. PEOPLE. We recognize that our people, the Alaska Team Members, are on of our most important assets and we are committed to promote their safety and welfare. Their wealth of experience, ideas, dedication and strong work ethic lay the foundation for the Companys continued success. It is our goal as much as it is theirs, to pursue and reach their full potentials through continuing education, training, and skills-enhancement programs. We challenge each individualby providing the opportunity to contribute to the Companys endeavors. PROFITABLE GROWTH. Growth that creates value for our shareholders is paramount. We will deploy our resources on investment opportunities that are within our core competence and yield excellent returns relative to its risks and which are consistent with our growth objectives. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY We recognize our role in nation building by promoting the protection of the environment and taking part in various community-building projects that help enhance and uplift the quality of life of the underprivileged and the marginalizedsectors of our society. Original Mission Product and Services Yes. We will develop new products and identify market opportunities, mindful of our task to be responsive to the ever changing and growing needs of our consumers. Quality Yes We are committed to deliver high quality milk and other consumer food products from production to consumption. We will respond to the call to deliver higher quality nutrition to every Filipino home. Market No Concern for survival and profitability Yes We will deploy our resources on investment opportunities that are within our core competence and yield excellent returns relative to its risks and which are consistent with our growth objectives. Technology Yes We aim to provide our partners in trade the best and most efficient service, making use of leading edge technology to ensure timely product availability and accessibility. Philosophy No Self Concept No Concern for Public Image Yes We recognize our role in nation building by promoting the protection of the environment and taking part in various community-building projects that help enhance and uplift the quality of life of the underprivileged and the marginalizedsectors of our society. Concern for Employee Yes. We recognize that our people, the Alaska Team Members, are on of our most important assets and we are committed to promote their safety and welfare. Revised Vision Is to be a leading and the number one dairy consumer foods company in the Philippines both Luzon,Visayas and Mindanao regions with a distinct and well known various consumer food brands and products that are market leaders and highest profit earners in their respective categories, Revised Mission Product and Services Yes We will develop new products and identify market opportunities, mindful of our task to be responsive to the ever changing and growing needs of our consumers. Quality Yes We are committed to deliver high quality milk and other consumer food products from production to consumption. We will respond to the call to deliver higher quality nutrition to every Filipino home. Market Yes We are committed in building a brige connecting all Filipinoes who are not just living in Luzon but also Filipinoes who are living in Visayas and Mindanao and targeting all economic classes in the Philippines such as the upper,middle and lower classes by providing new a product with quality and affortability. Concern for survival and profitability Yes. We will deploy our resources on investment opportunities that are within our core competence and yield excellent returns relative to its risks and which are consistent with our growth objectives. Technology Yes We aim to provide our partners in trade the best and most efficient service, making use of leading edge technology to ensure timely product availability and accessibility. Philosophy Yes We provide consumers with our products a choice to make their bodies to be more healthier and fit. Have a healty lifestyle and to live longer so that they can enjoy their fruitful years in their existence. Self Concept Yes We recognize that the company for so many years our company touches the hearts of all Filipinoes and with that we are one of the top supplier of consumer products in the Philippines. So we believe we provide provide products that has quality and affortability Concern for Public Image Yes We recognize our role in nation building by promoting the protection of the environment and taking part in various community-building projects that help enhance and uplift the quality of life of the underprivileged and the marginalizedsectors of our society. Concern for Employee Yes We recognize that our people, the Alaska Team Members, are on of our most important assets and we are committed to promote their safety and welfare. New Mission and Vission Vision Is to be a leading and the number one dairy consumer foods company in the Philippines both Luzon,Visayas and Mindanao regions with a distinct and well known various consumer food brands and products that are market leaders and highest profit earners in their respective categories, Mission Product and Services Yes. We will continue to build on the strengths and competitive attributes of the ALASKA brand and develop its full marketing potential. We will develop new products and identify market opportunities, mindful of our task to be responsive to the ever changing and growing needs of our consumers. Quality Yes Ultimately, the consumer whom we serve and their level of satisfaction with our products become our final judge and jury. We are committed to deliver high quality milk and other consumer food products from production to consumption. We will respond to the call to deliver higher quality nutrition to every Filipino home. Market Yes We are committed in building a brige connecting all Filipinoes who are not just living in Luzon but also Filipinoes who are living in Visayas and Mindanao and targeting all economic classes in the Philippines such as the upper,middle and lower classes by providing new a product with quality and affortability. Concern for survival and profitability Yes Growth that creates value for our shareholders is paramount. We will deploy our resources on investment opportunities that are within our core competence and yield excellent returns relative to its risks and which are consistent with our growth objectives. Technology Yes Customer relationship is an integral part of building the Alaska business. We aim to provide our partners in trade the best and most efficient service, making use of leading edge technology to ensure timely product availability and accessibility. We strive to know and understand our customers fully to bridge the gap between what they need and what we can give. Philosophy Yes We provide consumers with our products a choice to make their bodies to be more healthier and fit. Have a healty lifestyle and to live longer so that they can enjoy their fruitful years in their existence. Self Concept Yes We recognize that the company for so many years our company touches the hearts of all Filipinoes and with that we are one of the top supplier of consumer products in the Philippines. So we believe we provide provide products that has quality and affortability Concern for Public Image Yes We recognize our role in nation building by promoting the protection of the environment and taking part in various community-building projects that help enhance and uplift the quality of life of the underprivileged and the marginalizedsectors of our society. Concern for Employee Yes We recognize that our people, the Alaska Team Members, are on of our most important assets and we are committed to promote their safety and welfare. Their wealth of experience, ideas, dedication and strong work ethic lay the foundation for the Companys continued success. It is our goal as much as it is theirs, to pursue and reach their full potentials through continuing education, training, and skills-enhancement programs. We challenge each individualby providing the opportunity to contribute to the Companys endeavors. Chapter 1 Introduction. Alaska Milk products were first manufactured in the Philippines in 1972 through Holland Milk Products, Inc. (HOMPI), a partnership between AMCs former parent company, General Milling Corporation (GMC), an industrial foods company with interests in flour, feed and soy bean milling, and a Dutch dairy company, Holland Canned Milk International B. V. HOMPI initially manufactured liquid canned filled milk products, (evaporated and sweetened condensed milk) and eventually expanded to manufacture powdered filled milk and UHT milk products division up until AMCs spin-off and incorporation as a separate and independent corporate entity in 1994. It was also a time when the company embarked on a major expansion program which prompted the company to tap the capital markets through an initial public offering (IPO) to raise funds for the capacity expansion of its powdered milk facilities. Alaska Milk shares were listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange in 1995. Post-IPO, GMC held 66% of AMC while 34% was left in free float to the public. In mid-1997, however, GMC transfered its 66% ownership in AMC to individual shareholders of GMC through a property dividend, thus fully divesting its interest in AMC and enabling management to consolidate and focus its efforts in pursuing AMCs interests in the consumer foods industry. Currently, management and strategic partner Campina Melkunie hold 56% while 44% is in public free float. For over thirty years, AMC has emerged as one of only two major players in the Philippine milk industry, consistently maintaining brand leadership in the liquid canned milk category and holding a strong and growing position in powdered milk. It has also expanded into higher value-added milk products, particularly in UHT/Ready-to-Drink milk category. Apart from growing its core businesses, AMC endeavors to diversity and explore opportunities in related consumer products with global food companies that will complement AMCs existing revenue base. In 1972, Alaska began caring for the Filipino family by providing quality milk products for good nutrition and health. Since then, it has shown its caring in other ways: through programs that promote sports development, campaigns that foster good values among children and product innovations aimed at enhancing the Filipinos health and welfare. It is this commitment to the Filipino that has made Alaska a leading brand. In 1996, the mission of caring for the Filipino and bringing nutrition to each home grows stronger than ever, as Alaska looks forward to the next 25 years. Board of Directors Our board of directors have successful careers in businese, academe and public service. Research Design Data that will be used for the company analysis will be gathered from the websites of Alaska Milk Company, documents and other papers will be get from a connection working inside the company and other government agencies such Securities of Exchange Commisions and National Statistics Office. These government offices have the relevant informations for the paper to progess To assess Alaskas performance relative to its competitors, audited financial reports for 2010 and 2011 will be obtained from Alaska Milk Company as well as its key competitors from the Securities and Exchange Commission. Aside from getting and providing financial data, the published annual reports in general circulations such as newspaper will also serves as a good source of internal and competitor information. Statements from the corporate website of Alaska and its competitors will be used to determine recent developments, marketing activities and other internal and competitor information. To be able to benchmark the pricing of the company relative to its competitors, various. Scope and Limitation. This paper will be limited to Alask Milk Coporation dairy food ventures in the Philippines. This paper intends to create a product which has a high demand in the food market and making a dairy product that will be competing to an exisiting market. The paper will focus on how can the company attract consumers to buy, earn profit and compete in the Philippine food consumer market in providing a new product such as a milk tea powder and making an exsisting dairy product such as white cheese product. The paper will only concentrate to the introduced new business product such as the caramel milk tea powder and white cheese productions of Alaska Milk Company. Its other products will not be tackled in this paper. Due to the timing of the submission of this paper, only the 2011 Annual report will be used. The strategies recommended in this paper will affect the financials of the company in 2012 up to 2016. Major Assumptions * Alaska Milk Company will be the first food consumer company to produce caramel milk tea powder drink all over the Philippines. * Alaska Milk Company will be the first food consumer company to sell milk tea products in a low a price compare to its competitors. * Alaska Milk Company will be the first food consumer company to commercial and sell low priced nutrious white cheese products. * Alaska Milk Company White cheese product will be the number one cheese product in the Philipppines taking the place of other cheese product competitors. * The percentage income of Alaska Milk Company will increase due to high demand of its new product III. External Analysis.

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Organic Chemistry Essay Amines are compounds composed of nitrogen atoms bearing alkyl or aromatic compounds. Amines undergo interesting reactions, one of which is with the reaction with nitrous acid producing an azo dye. In this study, the experiment focused on synthesizing an observing the physical properties of Sudan-1. Sudan-1 is of the most common dyes found in waxes, oils and in some food ingredients specifically curry and chilli powder. Furthermore, this study aimed to understand the mechanism behind the synthesis of 1-phenylazo-2-naphtol. To be able to synthesize Sudan-1, preparation of phenyldiazonium chloride solution and ÃŽ ²- naphthol solution were done. Ingrain dyeing was also done in this experiment. The synthesis of Sudan-1 has a two-step reaction – diazotization and coupling reactions. Diazotization is the formation of diazonium salt, meanwhile, the coupling reaction took place when an activated aromatic compound, ÃŽ ²-naphtol was reacted with the diazonium salt, benzene diazonium chloride, to form the azo compound known as the 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol. As a result, an orange-red precipitate was formed after series of reaction. Hence, all the said objectives in this experiment were achieved. Amines are compounds that are composed of a nitrogen atom bearing alkyl or aromatic groups. They are basic and nucleophilic because of their lone pair. They occur both in plants and animals. Amines produces some of the most interesting effects and of the common reaction of aminewith nitrous acid producing a dye[4]. Alizarin, for example is a red dye extracted from madder root used by Egyptians and Persians. However, in this experiment, it aimed to produce a dye commonly known as Sudan-1. Sudan-1 is a lysochrome with the chemical formula 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol. It is a powdered substance with an orange-red color. This azo dye is most commonly found in waxes, oils, and also in some food coloring ingredients – curry powder and chili powder. However, the presence of Sudan-1 in most foods now is currently being banned because it has been classified to be carcinogenic. This experiment focused on synthesizing of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol which is a two-step reaction. The first reaction is the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid, which is called diazotization and second, the reaction of diazonium salt and beta-naphtol to form azo dye which is the coupling reaction. Figure 1 Diazotization Reaction of Aniline to Produce a Diazonium Salt Figure 1 Diazotization Reaction of Aniline to Produce a Diazonium Salt In diazotization reaction, there is a formation of diazonium salts. This reaction is made possible when a primary aromatic amine is treated with nitrous acid. Then in coupling reaction, the electrophilic substitution reaction of a diazonium salt with an activated aromatic ring formed a azo compound specifically an azo dye.[3] The main objective of this study was to be able to synthesize Sudan-1. Also, it aimed to characterize the azo dye with its most distinguishing physical properties. Furthermore, this experiment also aimed to understand the mechanism behind the synthesis of Sudan-1. Figure 2 Coupling Reaction of Benzene Diazonium Chloride with ÃŽ ² -Naphthol Figure 2 Coupling Reaction of Benzene Diazonium Chloride with ÃŽ ² -Naphthol Aniline was reacted NaNO2 crystals under acidic condition using HCl in a cold temperature. The solution was done in a very cold temperature because the phenyldiazonium intermediate easily decomposes back to its aniline counterpart at a slightly high temperature; hence the temperature of the solution was maintained in an ice bath below 5Â °C. Rock salt may also be added to the ice bath to maintain the temperature. However, in this experiment, no rock salts were added instead constant monitoring of the temperature was done. ÃŽ ²-naphthol solution was used as a coupling reagent in synthesizing Sudan-1. In preparing ÃŽ ²-naphthol solution, ÃŽ ²-naphthol was dissolved in 5% of aqueous NaOH and was also cooled in an ice bath below 5Â °C, this was to avoid the decomposition of the compounds. The main reaction that occurred in the preparation of phenyldiazonium chloride solution was diazotization reaction. Diazotization is the reaction between a primary aromatic amine and nitrous acid at cold temperatures to diazonium salt compound.[2] Figure 1 below is the reaction exhibited by the phenyldiazonium chloride solution. As this experiment aimed to synthesize Sudan-1, two steps are done. The first step would be the reaction of a primary aromatic amine to produce a diazonium salt as seen in Figure 1. The second step, then, is the reaction of the diazonium salt with a strongly activated aromatic syste,l known as coupling reactions. Azo coupling is the reaction between a diazonium compound and aniline, phenol or other aromatic compound which produces an azo compound.[5] In this experiment ÃŽ ²-naphthol couples with the diazonium salt. Figure 2 below shows the coupling reaction of the benzene diazonium chloride with ÃŽ ²-naphthol and having the product of Sudan-1. Furthermore, figure 3 below is the summary of reactions of the synthesis of Sudan-1 in this experiment. Figure 3 Summary of Reactions in Synthesizing Sudan-1 Figure 3 Summary of Reactions in Synthesizing Sudan-1 In this experiment, a filter paper was used to undergo ingrain dyeing. Ingrain dyeing is an irreversible chemical reaction of the diazonium salt solution and the activating aromatic solution. An orange-red filter paper was produced after such procedure. The presence of orange-red color in filter indicates the presence of the azo dye (see appendix for the orange-red filter paper produced). The Sudan dye is synthesized right in the spaces between the filter paper such that they are permanently trapped inside the fiber spaces of the filter paper.[2] After mixing the phenyldiazonium chloride solution with the ÃŽ ²-naphthol solution, an orange-red paste-like solution was formed. Furthermore, the mixed solution was also reacted at a temperature not exceeding 4ËšC for 1-5 minutes. Afterwards, the mixture was also filtered was washed with several portions of water to filter the product, Sudan-1. Recrystallization was also done when the filtrate was steamed bath after dissolving it with 95% hot ethanol. AS a result, orange-red crystals were formed which is the Sudan-1 product. The crystal appeared to be orange-red in color due to the N=N bond present in Sudan-1. The N=N is responsible for the absorption of light thus reflecting a color which is orange-red. The structure of Sudan-1 is shown in Figure 4 below showing the N=N bond of the compound. The N=N is known as the chromophores which are responsible for the color. The –OH group attached in the structure is also responsible for enhancing the orange-red color. The –OH functional group is known as the auxochrome, which modifies the ability of the chromophore to absorb the light.[1] Figure 4 Structure of Sudan-1 Azo-compounds, compounds with general formula Ar-N+=N-Ar-, are coupling products from the reaction of diazonium salts with amines. The general reaction pattern for Sudan synthesis first undergoes diazotization reaction and then coupling reaction with highly activated aromatic compounds. In this experiment, the diazotization reaction of aniline with NaNO2 and HCl yielded a diazonium salt, benzene diazonium chloride. Furthermore, the diazonium salt then underwent coupling reactions with an activated aromatic ring which is ÃŽ ²-naphthol. The coupling reaction yielded an azo compound which is most commonly known as the Sudan-1 with an IUPAC name of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol. As a result of the reactions in this experiment, an orange-red color of solution was produced. This experiment aimed to understand the reactions that underwent to synthesize Sudan-1; as a result, figure 3 was the summary of reactions. As a physical result, orange-red colored crystals were produced representing the azo compound, Sudan-1. However, some minor errors will not be ignored in this experiment. Some errors like human errors might have affected the results in yielding a pure azo compound. One human error, would be the measuring of the reagents used to yield the said product. Also, the misreading of some measurements may have also affected the results of this experiment. Also, some impurities in the chemicals used will also not be ignore, since this impurities may have led to a not so visible side reactions in the said experiment. After being said and done, all the said objectives in this experiment were met.

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy

Apples Product Development and Marketing Strategy With the development of technology at high speed, particularly in the field of electronic products, some companies have launched brilliant products which are full of imagination and creativity. These products are exercising an invisible and formative influence on society. Among these products, the series of products from Apple Inc. (previously Apple Computer, Inc.) may be some of the most noticeable ones. Apple Inc., whose products have attracted peoples attention all over the world and have occupied considerable market share in global range, is one of the most successful international company currently. According to the statistics from NPD group, in the term of premium personal computer, Mac, which is the name of a series of Apples PC, revenue market share was 91 percent on June 2009. (Wilcox 2009). This consequence can be attributed to two major reasons: Apples product development and Apples extensive marketing (Schumacher 2009). In the meanwhile, Apples success affects society in two aspects, namely fashion style and changing peoples habits. This essay will expand the reasons mentioned above to analysis why Apple have achieved huge success worldwide, and then illustrate the positive effects on society owing to Apples products. Due to the success of Apple Inc. and its contribution to society, I would like to consider that Apple Inc. is one of the most outstanding companies at present age. Key Reasons for Apples Success Admittedly, the reasons which may bring about Apples success are various, nevertheless this essay mainly propose two most important reasons. Of major consideration is Apples product line, which is assuredly responsible for Apples success. Specifically, there are four sub reasons, which are constantly improving, innovative product line (Kingsley-Hughes 2009); simple design and user interface; high quality components; coherent hardware and software (Schumacher 2009), relevant to Apples product development. Apples product development First of all, Apples product line encompasses a series of brilliant and distinctive products, such as Mac (Macintosh), iPod, iPhone and iPad; and in the mean time the designers of Apple Inc. are improving and innovating on their product line constantly. Innovative spirit of Apple Inc. has been approved across the world. In 2005, Boston Consulting Group held a poll whose is called Top 20 Innovative Companies in the World, and collected the statistical data from 940 senior executives in 68 countries. The result of this investigation revealed that Apple Inc. was appraised as the most innovative company in the world and accounted for 24.84% of the entire vote (Nussbaum 2005). For example, iPod, as one of the representative product of Apple, was launched in 2001. Initially, although it attracted consumer attention, it only supported the Macintosh operation system, which meant that it could only be used on Macintosh computers and lost many other users who used windows operation system. The n, in 2002, Apple Inc. launched the second generation of iPod, which began to support Windows OS. As a result, iPod became more widely popular with both Macintosh and Windows users. Three years later, a new generation of iPod, which can play not only audio files but also video files, was launched on 12th October 2005. Moreover, for users convenience, the battery life was longer than before. In 2007, the newest generation with larger capacity which can store up to 4000 songs or 100 movies, was launched. (Identifying iPod models 2010) During the process of iPods development, we can see that Apple Inc. is improving their products constantly and adding innovative elements on the products to offer distinctive and unique user experience. The second element, which is considered to be relevant to Apples products, is their simple design style and friendly user interface. To take a panoramic view of Apples product line, whether an iPod, an iPhone or an iPad, they retain the simple design consistently. There are only a few buttons and different parts embedded into Apples products. The appearance of these products is one whole piece of technology and has no splicing traces on them. The simple user interface is a distinctive character, as well. For instance, an iPhone have no different submenus or other ways to display the menu, it is easy for users to reach the function which they want to use directly and avoid unnecessary confusion (Schumacher 2009). Thirdly, high quality components could lead to the success of Apples products. These products do not tend to integrate newest hardware and offer highest available capacities. That is to say, Apples products use suitable components to provide suitable functions, which ensure these products can run stably. For example, although there may be only have a 2 mega pixel camera integrated into an iPhone and this camera could not satisfy any user to take photos, the moment it is necessary for people to take a picture, the camera is ready and gives full scope to photography. (Schumacher 2009) Finally, the cohesion of hardware and software brings the success of Apples products. Apple Inc. not only focuses on developing the hardware but also developing the software, which enhances the performances of these products. For example, in order to improve iPods performances and provide convenience to users, Apple Inc. developed the software named iTunes, which is a software supporting a Mac or a PC. It arranges and plays audio and video files on a computer. Moreover, all media stored on a computer can be synchronized with an iPod, an iPhone and an iPad. In the meantime, it is a digital store on a computer and other apples products with a large quantity of music and movies (What is iTunes? n.d.). Additionally, iTune is updated on Apples website regularly, so that users can use newest version to enhance their iPods. In brief, Apple Inc. insists on improving and innovating on the product line to develop brilliant products constantly. And these products offer friendly user interface and simple design style for users who can operate these products easily. Moreover, high quality components are integrated into Apples products to enhance their performance. In addition, Apples Inc. develops software to support their products in order to providing convenience to users. Therefore, Apples product development is the basis of Apples success. Apples s marketing Assuredly, Apples product development is a necessary premise to Apples success. On the other side, Apples extensive marketing plays an important role as well. Apples marketing strategies can be summarized as two primary sides. One is advertising; the other is the communication style. Firstly, the success of Apples market could be caused by Apples advertising strategy. The slogans for Apples products can be seen in almost every place, such as in the streets, at the bus stops and on the large screens of squares. With Apples products, the slogans are creative and attractive, for instance, The first music player that talks to you (iPod shuffle n.d.) and Soon there will be 2 kinds of people. Those who use computers, and those who use Apples (Alex 2006). Due to these dense and eye-catching advertising with memorable slogans, Apples products are deeply rooted among the people quickly and accepted by people. Secondly, one of the most brilliant points of Apples marketing strategies is the communication style. Midgley and Midgley decribe a successful communication style as Golden Circle in the following words: If a company aligns itself with the customers values and consistently delivers its product or service in accordance with those values, then the customer will consistently utilize the companys offering. Consistent utilization of a companys offering will ensure a healthy top line. A healthy top line, in turn, produces healthy cash flow. (Midgley and Midgley 2005, 6) Apple Inc. is performing this kind of communication described in Midgley and Midgleys book. Apple Inc. develops their products based on consumers requirements and values, and then transmits its ideas and service to consumers in various ways. For example, in Apples stores all over the world there are lecturers propagating their products and explain why these products are consistent with consumers requirements and values. Besides the open lectures, Apple stores hold a series of events regularly to show the brilliant ideas integrated into Apples products. Via the interaction between Apple Inc. and consumers, how Apples products satisfy consumers values is accepted by consumers in global scope. There is a diagram about the golden circle theory, which illustrates the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. vividly. According to the description in the figure below, Why, How and What means Beliefs, Tactics and Results, respectively (Gartland 2010). At first, Apple Inc. establishes the beliefs to meet consumers values, and then it realizes the beliefs via the development of its products. At last, Apples products are world wildly accepted by consumers. Therefore, Apple Inc. communicates with users in an inside-out way which is a remarkable way and has achieved huge success across the world in marketing. Figure1: the golden circle Source: (Gartland 2010) In sum, Apples products infiltrate into peoples daily life via dense advertising, and these products, which benefit from the communication style of Apple Inc, are accepted by people. Hence, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are another key reason that brings about its success. Effects on Society The reasons mentioned above have led to Apples success. Two consequences may emerge, owing to Apples success, which are fashion style and changing peoples habits. Fashion Style With the increasing popularity with Apples products, an iPod or an iPhone is not only an mp3 player or a mobile phone but also a fashion symbol. Especially an iPod has become a synonym for an mp3 player. Lavey described the effects of Apples products on fashionable style as the words below: After the iMac came out, suddenly things werent cool if the product name didnt have a lower-case i in it, and the word pod after the iPod became popular. (Lavey 2009) Thus, the names of Apples products have become fashionable words. Moreover, the exquisite and simple design style has also become the world trends being pursued by people. Changing Peoples Habits Another effect brought by Apples products is the change of peoples habits. The Nike/iPod Sport Kit (Nike + iPod n.d.) is a typical example. It can track individual exercise performance of jogging and verbally report their results the moment users have progress. So that users can supervise their pace and distance circumstantially. While people usually use a stop watch record the total time they have run and then roughly calculate their average speed before using the Nike/iPod Sport Kit. Following this further, people used to prefer jogging with partners in order to motivating each other; however, it is not easy to find a partner who runs at the similar pace and duration (Shannon, Florian 2007). In order to resolve this problem, a piece of research was conducted in 2006 and showed that technology is helpful to motivate people to be active and allow for social communication (Consolvo et al. 2006). The Nike/iPod Sport Kit has realized the research theory because of the interaction betwee n users and it. Therefore, according to the example mentioned above, we can see that Apples products have changed peoples habits in some aspects. Conclusion In conclusion, Apples product development and its extensive marketing have resulted in the success of Apple Inc. As a premise factor of the success, Apple Inc. persists in developing innovative products with friendly user interface and simple design style. Moreover, high quality components integrated into Apples products ensure the stable performance. In addition, coherent software and hardware of these products provide more convenience to users. Besides brilliant products, the marketing strategies of Apple Inc. are remarkable as well. peoples daily life is infiltrated by Intensive advertising of Apple Inc. and then its communication style is also approved by consumers in global range. Owing to the success, Apple Inc. have guided a new fashion style and changed peoples habits in some fields. Therefore, it is evidently reasonable to consider that Apple Inc. is one of most outstanding companies in the world currently.

The History And Contributions :: essays research papers

Greek Geometry Although the original roots of geometry can be traced to the Egyptians, the Greeks built on most Egyptian theories that we use today. Greek astronomy and Greek geometry were both used in order to answer many difficult questions of the time. Without geometry, the study of astronomy would have been almost impossible, and vice versa. Even though many Greek theorems and principles were later built on by geniuses such as Einstein and Lobachevsky, the basis still remains the same. The development of Greek geometry is said to be started by Thales of Miletus. Thales came from Egypt with a number of geometric principles that the Greeks were able to use for practical purposes. He lived towards the beginning of the sixth century B.C, and has been credited with many geometric theorems. Some of the most important theorems developed by Thales included: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If two triangles have two angles and one side is respectively equal, then both triangles are congruent to each other. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angles at the base of any isosceles triangle are equal. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If two straight lines intersect, then the opposite angles formed are equal. Thales also did much work with the height of pyramids by measuring the height of the pyramid's shadow only at a specific time of the day. While most of his theorems were proven, some that were not pertained to a ship's distance from shore and the bisector of a circle. His discoveries led to the formation of many other theorems by later Greeks such as Pythagoras and Plato. These two men (next to Thales) contributed the most to Greek geometry. Pythagoras discovered and proved many different theorems and ideas that contributed greatly to the development of geometry. Some of Pythagoras's proven discoveries included: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of the angles in a triangle add up to the sum of two right angles. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The development and use of geometrical algebra. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theorem of Pythagoras. a^2 + b^2 = c^2 Pythagoras also did many studies with triangles and developing or editing shapes. His most famous discovery was the Pythagorean theorem (listed above). This theorem combined the sides of a right triangle, and this led to the development of irrational numbers by Pythagoras later on. Pythagoras discovered that the square root of 2 was an irrational number. Plato, another great mind of Greece, did more than just develop theorems for geometry, he stressed that geometry was essential. Plato believed that everyone should be well educated in mathematics as well as geometry.

Competitive Analysis of Metro Holdings Ltd Essay -- Business Analysis

1. Introduction Metro Holdings Ltd is a multi-national company that operates two major business segments, namely Property Development and Investment, and Retail. This report explores the retail arm of Metro, which manages three department stores and four specialty â€Å"accessorize† stores in Singapore, and another five department stores in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia. 2. Competitive Environment of Metro Ltd The competitive environment of Metro Holdings Ltd would be evaluated based on Michael Porter’s 5 forces Model. The factors affecting each force would be critically analysed to determine the competition faced by the business. As the nature of department stores and specialty â€Å"accessorize† stores is vastly different, the report would focus on the analysis of department stores which accounts for a bigger portion of the company’s income and presence in the industry. 2.1 Threat of New Entrants The threat of new entrants is relatively low in the department stores industry. Department stores do not manufacture products nor create their own brands of merchandise, their products are not differentiated. As a result, consumers have low switching costs, customer loyalty is low, as they can easily purchase similar products elsewhere. These lower the barriers to entry, allowing new entrants a chance to gain customers. On the other hand, most factors prove otherwise. The retail industry does not have high Economies of Scale to be exploited in general . Yet, it is impossible to run department stores like Metro on a small scale . A large retail space, inventory, and warehouse are necessary to host a specialized portfolio of brands and products to better attract both customers and suppliers. Heavy capital requirements and operational expen... ...Michael Porter’s Five-Force Model. †¢ Able to make valid and clear conclusions about the competition faced by the business, based on the analysis. †¢ Demonstrate a clear understanding of the business and the actual environment it operates in. Works Cited https://www.metro.com.sg/storefront/ContentDetail/AboutUs3.asp?ContentId=458 http://digilander.libero.it/fschivardi/images/schivardiviviano.pdf Charles A. Ingene, Scale Economies in American Retailing: A Cross-Industry Comparison Engle, J., How to Open & Operate a Financially Successful Retail Business http://secure-online-purchasing.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_growth_of_internet_shopping http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_populati on.php Eng, P., Accounting for Indonesia’s economic growth:Recent past and near future

Rape and Intimate Partner Abuse Essay examples -- Sex Crimes

In every 45 seconds, someone is sexually violated in the United States. Out of every 6 women, one has experienced an attempted rape or complete rape. Lesbians and bisexual women remain at increased risk of sexual victimization compared to heterosexual women. In order for a woman to determine the direction of her life, she must first determine her sexuality. Sexuality is a deep, integral part of any human’s life. This should not be a subject of coercion or debate. The society must recognize that a woman has the right to freely pre-determine her sexuality without oppression and discrimination (Burn, 2004). Traditionally, women throughout history and culture have undertaken the role of independent, non-heterosexual, women-connected existence. Lesbianism according to ancient literature review has always existed. The practice has always been unacceptable and deviant. Lesbians are subjected to rape more often than other women. Worldwide, lesbians are subjected to verbal and physical abuse. In most cultures, lesbianism occurs prior to heterosexual marriages. These facts were gathered by Faderman in 1981. Female-female romantic relationships were found in European communities since the 17th century through the early 20th century after studying the fiction and poetry written during this period (Burn, 2004). Today, many societies view bisexuality and homosexuality as a sickness. The societies deny their existence entirely. However, biologists and psychologists believe that both are mere instances of many human variations. After successful lobbying by gay and lesbian political organizations in 1974, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) eliminated homosexuality from its list of mental disorder. The APA now takes the position that homos... ...(2010). External Barriers to Help-Seeking Encountered by Canadian Gay and Lesbian Victims of Intimate Partner Abuse: An Application of the Barriers Model. Violence and Victims, Vol. 25(4), 536-552. Pinto, S. (2012). Intimate Partner Violence: Sexual Abuse. CINHAL Nursing Guide. 1-2. Renzetti, C. M. (1996). The Poverty of Services for Battered Lesbians. Journal of gay and Lesbian Social Services, Vol. 4, pp 61-68. Tigert, L. M. (2001). The Power of Shame: Lesbian Battering as a Manifestation of Homophobia. Women & Therapy, Vol. 23, pp 73-85. Walters, M. L. (2011). Straighten up and Act Like a Lady: A Qualitative Study of Lesbian Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Service. Vol. 23, pp 250-270. West, C. M. (2002). Lesbian Intimate Partner Violence: Prevalence and Dynamics. Journal of Lesbian Studies, Vol. 6(1), pp 121-127.

Amazon.com †a case study Essay

Amazon’s Mission â€Å"Our vision is to be earth’s most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online.† Amazon.com’s quest to become earth’s most customer centric company is largely driven by its use of technology. In fact, its continuous innovations are all driven by huge investments in information systems (Laudon and Laudon 2005). Information systems not only support their mission, but in fact drive their business strategy. In this paper , Amazon’s use of information at each stage of Porter’s value chain will be considered. Their innovative and forward looking use of information systems to generate competitive advantage will be analysed in the context of Porter’s five forces and we will also have a look at how they have formed Amazon have formed strategic alliances to overcome certain competitive forces. Future plans to sustain competitive edge will be examined; Amazon not only continue to use technology to improve their customer centric operations, but are now in fact opening up this technology and providing technical and logistics solutions to other firms. The Value Chain The concept of ‘Value Chain Anaylsis’ is described at length by Michael Porter (1985). He notes that every firm is a collection of activities that  are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its products or services. He identifies specific, critical-leverage points where a firm can use information technology most effectively to enhance it’s competitive position (Laudon and Laudon , 2005). In his value chain model, ‘Primary Activities’ such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing and service, are seen as basic activities that add a margin of value to a firm’s products and service. Since Amazon’s inception in 1995, they have used information technology to manage each stage of the value chain. Inbound logistics – including receiving, storing, inventory control – are managed by sophisticated technology such Transportation Optimization and Management Systems (TOMS). They, us e a set of applications for accepting and validating customer orders, placing and tracking orders with suppliers and managing and assigning inventory to customer orders. In fact in 2007, Amazon’s systems have become so efficient in managing inventory that they generally collect from customers before their payments to suppliers come due (SEC1 2007). Amazon’s marketing strategy is designed to increase customer traffic to their websites, drive awareness of products and services, promote repeat purchases, develop incremental product and service revenue opportunities, and strengthen and broaden the Amazon.com brand name. (Amazon Annual Report 2007). Technology, again, is the conduit for their marketing strategy. Amazon were the first to deliver personalized Web pages and services. For instance, their technology keeps track of user preferences for books and CD purchases etc, and can recommend titles purchased by other customers. Their advertising consists primarily of online advertising, including through their Associates program –Amazon.com’s affiliate marketing program, where web developers, by linking to Amazon products and services to their sites, can receive up to 10% in referral fees, – sponsored search, portal advertising, e-mail campaigns, and other initiatives. Customer service is another key area where technology adds value to Amazon’s offer. From the outset, in line with their customer-centred mission, Amazon  tried to provide superior customer service through email and telephone customer support, online tracking and shipping information, and the ability to pay for purchases with a single click of the mouse using credit card and personal information provided during a previous purchase. This was called â€Å"1-click† express shopping, and was considered so attractive that Barnes and Noble, Amazon’s direct competitor in the online book retailing markets attempted to ape it with its â€Å"Express Lane† system (McAfee 2005). Amazon later obtained an injunction on Barnes and Noble and sparked a huge debate around the question of which software, and even business processes can or cannot, be patented. (http://www.oreilly.com/news/patent_archive.html) The Extended Value Chain in e-Business In their book, Strategic Planning for Information Systems, Ward, J and Peppard, J (2002), discuss how the value chain information flow is now being challenged by e-Business They refer to Rayport, J.F and Sviokla (1995), who have identified two crucial new areas in this information flow, namely ‘promotional’ information flow and ‘intelligence gathering’ information flow. These two areas seems to be paramount in Amazon’s value chain management.. According to Ward and Peppard, the implications of the promotional flow of information which informs customers further down the chain of the products and services available have to be understood. David Chaffey (2007) speaks of Amazon’s automated email measurement and optimization system. As users of Amazon will know, once we’ve bought something on Amazon, we are regularly sent emails with information on books or product recommendations. In order for this promotional system not to descend into what one might call Spam, and for it to remain relevant and customer centred, Amazon have put IS systems into place to control this activity. A new system: automatically optimizes content to improve customer experience; avoids sending an e-mail campaign that has low clickthrough or high unsubscribe rate; includes inbox management (avoid sending multiple emails/week); has growing library of automated email programs covering new  releases and recommendations. In this way, Amazon add value to the promotional flow of information through their value chain, and intelligently use and disseminate the information provided to them by their technology. Ward and Peppard conclude that E-business offers huge potential to gather information and intelligence about consumer and customer preference and attitudes online, rather than through traditional market research. When customers shop on Amazon, their choices are stored in the information systems which can then use this intelligence to forecast future demands. Industry Value Chain – Supply Chain Management The Value Chain of the business unit is only one part of a larger set of value-adding activities in an industry – the â€Å"Industry Value Chain† (Ward & Peppard 2003). A firm’s value chain is linked to the value chains of its suppliers, distributors and customers, and each of these players can add, or indeed take away from advantage which has been earned along the way. (Laudon & Laudon 2006). Amazon has one of the most-sophisticated supply chain systems in the world. Proprietary applications handle nearly every aspect of its supply chain: warehouse management, transportation management, inbound and outbound shipping, demand forecasts, inventory planning, and more. (Information Week) Amazon’s supply chain is so tightly integrated that when an online customer buys a book, for example, the order-management system communicates with inventory- and warehouse-management systems to find the optimal distribution centre or centres for fulfilling the order. The customer knows in less than a minute how long it will take to ship the items and whether they will come in one package or separately. Effective supply chain management, has been identified in a survey by The Economist, as being an essential contribution to gaining competitive advantage. It says that all market leaders have supply chains that are more responsive to customer demand. And effectively managing the informati on flow throughout the supply chain is key to gaining competitive advantage. Porter’s Five Forces As we have seen, competitive advantage can be gained through effective use of information systems at each stage of the internal and the external value chain. The other value creation dimension, as defined by Porter is the â€Å"Market/Industry Attractiveness†. He has identified five forces affecting the latter, namely, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry within an industry. E-commerce and the internet provide customers with the ability to search the whole chain for information directly or via intermediaries (Ward and Peppard 2003). The internet provides consumers with near perfect product and price visibility. Customers are free to use any internet portal they choose to search for goods, and can use price comparison portals such as www.kelkoo.com to compare prices between suppliers. Changing suppliers will cost the buyer nothing – switching costs are l ow – and alternative suppliers are plentiful. Consequently, Amazon are forced to keep their prices down and accept lower margins. In the context of Porter’s five forces, the facility for customers in changing suppliers can be classified as high customer bargaining power. Mr Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, saw this threat coming and prepared for it – in 2000 he invited other retailers to sell their goods on his website (The Economist). No traditional seller had ever done this before – to allow others to sell second-hand books on their own door step, was indeed a revolutionary move by Mr Bezos, and many people, even some within the company, thought this would cannibalise Amazon’s own sales. Yet it eventually helped to lift overall sales. Amazon says sales of third-party items, from which it takes a commission, have increased from 6% of all items sold in 2000 to 28% in 2005. Over that time, the company says its own retail revenues were up three-fold (BusinessWeek). Bezos claims that by keeping custome rs on the Amazon site buying other retailers products, Amazon’s direct revenues also increased. This is because with the help of some sophisticated technology driven marketing techniques, customers having already chosen something from Amazon’s partners, are at the same time tempted by Amazon’s own offerings. Today, hundreds of thousands of retail brands and individual sellers reach new customers by leveraging the power of the Amazon.com e-commerce platform. In 2006 Amazon went further with this concept and launched their â€Å"Fulfilment† program, which allows businesses to  use Amazon’s own order fulfilment and post-order customer service infrastructure, and enables Amazon.com customers to receive the benefit of Amazon.com shipping offers when buying from third-party sellers. In this way Amazon, seem to be effectively combating a number of competitive forces, including the threat of substitute products and the threat of new entrants to the market. Due to the low cost for new-entrants to e-Commerce – it requires relatively little capital investment to set up an e-Business- the threat of competing websites is omni-present for Amazon. Amazon’s challengers come from two directions. First, other online retailers are growing rapidly. As people become more accustomed to shopping on the internet, they are ordering a greater variety of goods and services from a wider range of websites. From auctioning people’s second-hand goods, eBay now also hosts fixed-priced virtual shops offering new goods for sale. (The Economist). Google, for one, has replaced retail sites such as Amazon as the place where many people start their shopping. And more personalized and social upstarts such as News Corp.’s, MySpace and YouTube, which Google has bought, have become the prime places for many people to gather online – and eventually shop. Microsoft’s taking of a 5% stake in Facebook, the online networking website, last Friday, which now values the two year old networking website at a whopping 15b$ -, could also be perceived as a potential threat to Amazon. People may choose to start their shopping from their social networking sites, rather than from the mor e traditional retail or portal site. Says consultant Andreas Weigend, Amazon’s chief scientist until 2004: â€Å"The world has shifted from e-business to me-business.† (Businessweek and The Economist). Secondly, traditional retailers are rapidly moving part of their trading online. This pits Amazon against giant retailers with huge purchasing power, like America’s Wal-Mart and Britain’s Tesco. These â€Å"multichannel† retailers make a virtue of their ability to offer both â€Å"bricks and clicks†. Many provide online customers with the option of picking up goods from the shop down the road. This is proving popular with web buyers who want things immediately or are keen to avoid shipping costs and staying in to accept a delivery. Amazon may be attempting to fight off this threat with their AmazonPrime program, which allows customers unlimited shipping for $79 per year. As we have seen, the relatively low costs of setting up business on the Internet, means that the  threat of substitute product/ services and the threat of new entrants also become more apparent. Internet technology is based on universal standards that any company can use, making it easy for rivals to compete on price alone and for new competitors to enter the market (Laudon and Laudon 2006). Clarke (2001) says that consequently, if we are competing in an industry where all our competitors have access to the same technology, it follows that competitive advantage comes from the use of information, as opposed to technology, and sustainability of advantage lies in an organisation always being better at this than its competition. Amazon would appear to be doing a fairly good job in keeping up – for instance with the technology enables personalization of the customer – but as Jeff Bezos reiterated in the reprinting of his 1997 letter to shareholders for the Amazon 2006 Annu al Report, â€Å"It’s all about the long-term†. Sustainability of Competitive Advantage – The Future for Amazon In the long-term, Amazon are aiming to re-invent themselves. An article in the Economist claims the e-commerce giant wants to be more than just a retailer. Having established the internet as somewhere to buy things, Amazon is again spending heavily on development in anticipation of consumers wanting to download music, video and books instead of having them delivered in the post. In September, the company introduced the Amazon MP3 digital music store to sell tracks without the anti-piracy technology known as digital rights management, or DMR. The music companies EMI and Universal are participating in Amazon’s store, making the service a significant competitor to Apple’s iTunes service. Unless the Amazon, the pioneer of online retailing can provide downloadable media it risks being â€Å"disintermediated†2 —just as only a decade ago high-street bookshops, music and video stores were disintermediated by Amazon itself. Amazon, in fact have a history of strateg ic alliances with various firms – Borders and SmugMug, to mention just a few. A strategic alliance is a partnership of two of more corporations or business units to achieve strategically significant objectives that are mutually beneficial, Wheelan and Hunger (2005). These alliances have allowed Amazon to use their established technological lead in the e-Commerce platform to generate revenues as well as their other strategic objectives. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is another example of a  strategic move to maintain advantage. With AWS, Amazon say they are building a new business focused on a new customer set †¦ software developers. They currently offer ten different web services and have built a community of over 240,000 registered developers. In order to cope with the Christmas rush, Amazon has far more computing capacity than it needs for most of the year. As much as 90% of it is idle at times. Renting out pieces of that network to other businesses, such as SmugMug, an online photo site that uses the S33 service, is a way to get extra return on Amazonâ⠂¬â„¢s $2 billion investment in technology (The Economist). Conclusion In this paper, a number of ways in which Amazon add value to their internal and external value chain have been identified. We have looked at how they optimize their utilisation of information in forging closer relations with their customers; operate a lean supply-chain management strategy and fight off numerous threats posed by competing in the e-Business environment with strategies such as offering new services to smaller retailers, digital downloads, and opening up their technologies to developers. However in a fast moving global economy, no future is certain. Amazon are conscious of the threats posed by failed alliances (Border’s will pull out of their agreement to use Amazon’s e-commerce platform in 2008, www.bloomberg.com) and the constant threat posed by Google, even Facebook and other technology driven Web2.0 companies. Jeff Bezos will be hoping to overcome these threats by, as he says, by â€Å"opening up the guts of his organisation† to developers (Busin essWeek). Information systems are at the core of Amazon’s business, and going forward, as Jeff Bezos said in his 2007 SEC filing, their biggest challenge â€Å"will be to continue to build and deploy innovative and efficient software that will best take advantage of continued advances in technology†. Amazon have made massive investments in technology – $186 million in the last quarter alone – (The Economist), and with 2007 3rd quarter sales up 41% and a quadrupling of profit, it looks like these technology investments may finally be paying off! References â€Å"Amazon.com – Click to download†, The Economist, Aug 17th 2006 Amzn Investor Relations http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?p=irol-irhome&c=97664 Accessed 28th October 2007 â€Å"Borders to Introduce New Internet Site in Early 2008 (Update3)† www.bloomberg.com Accessed on 28th October 2007 Clarke, Stephen (2001) Information Systems Strategic Management –an integrated approach, Routledge, London David Chaffey: â€Å"Amazon Case Study 9.1 Learning From Amazon’s Culture of Metrics† www.davidchaffey.com Accessed on 13th October 2007. â€Å"Friend Accepted†, The Economist, Friday 26th October 2007 â€Å"From scratch: Amazon keeps supply chain close to home†, Beth Bacheldor, InformationWeek, March 5, 2004 â€Å"Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet† Business Week, Cover story, November 13, 2006 www.businessweek.com â€Å"Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet† www.businessweek.com November 13, 2006. Accessed 27th October 2007 â€Å"Lifting the bonnet† The Economist Oct 5th 2006 Porter, Michael E. (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance pg 33 The Free Press Laudon, J and Laudon K (2006), Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (10th Edition) Prentice Hall R. Preston McAfee (2005) Competitive Solutions: The Strategist’s Toolkit, Princeton University Press Rayport, J.F and Sviokla (1995) ‘Exploiting the virtual value chain’, Harvard Business Review, November – December, 1995 SEC (2007) United States Securities And Exchange Commission submission Form 10-K from Amazon. For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2007 Ward, J and Peppard, J (2002) Strategic Planning for Information Systems, 3rd Edition John Wiley & Sons, Bedfordshire. Wheelen, T and Hunger J, (2004) Strategic Management and Business Policy, 9th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Eth prescribed notes

Everyone has it Everyone has some talent that Is stronger than someone else Talent does not equal Intelligence/ knowledge/ skills/ specific ablest Talent starts with genetic Inheritance unique patterns of personality/ temperament/ behavioral traits play a big role In who we are/ become Always work on your students' strengths not their weaknesses. MYTH 1 :III learn in the same way Each personal learning / thinking / working style Is a style conducive to the person, & however comfortable they are doing the task.Each has a different way of taking In Info, storing, processing, retrieving & converting It Into knowledge Einstein said, imagination is more important than knowledge, he came up with his relativity theory by imagining a ride on a moonbeam. MYTH 2 :luminescent is fixed at birth & accurately determined by standard IQ tests Skills measured IQ are not all the skills a person possesses which constitute intelligence Only 20% of Intelligence Is analytical, constitute all other intelli gences. All people have individual strengths. Goals strengthen strengths & correct weaknesses. Excellence must be broadly defined.There are many forms of intelligence / traits/ talents that a person possesses Howard Gardener mentions 8 types An educator should help learners choose a field of study that matches learner's talent. MYTH 4 : Intelligence Is Inherited Need : Nature (inheritance) + Nurture(development through environment, experience, & culture) = to gain intelligence Born with traits & propensities for learning & specific talents Home, schooling, living environment is vital to develop those talents you were born with, & to build new sets of skills & abilities.